{"id":38918,"date":"2026-10-23T10:18:57","date_gmt":"2026-10-23T08:18:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kosovatimes.info\/?p=38918"},"modified":"2026-10-23T10:19:49","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T08:19:49","slug":"70-vjet-me-pare-ndodhi-kryengritja-hungareze-ajo-pothuajse-coi-ne-renien-e-bllokut-sovjetik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kosovatimes.info\/index.php\/2026\/10\/23\/70-vjet-me-pare-ndodhi-kryengritja-hungareze-ajo-pothuajse-coi-ne-renien-e-bllokut-sovjetik\/","title":{"rendered":"70 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, ndodhi Kryengritja Hungareze. Ajo pothuajse \u00e7oi n\u00eb r\u00ebnien e bllokut sovjetik"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

M\u00eb 23 tetor 1956, qindra mij\u00ebra banor\u00eb t\u00eb Budapestit dol\u00ebn n\u00eb rrug\u00eb duke k\u00ebrkuar reforma politike, zgjedhje t\u00eb lira dhe t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave sovjetike. Demonstratat paq\u00ebsore u p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzuan shpejt n\u00eb nj\u00eb kryengritje t\u00eb armatosur. Vet\u00ebm pak dit\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, Hungaria e gjeti veten n\u00eb pragun e bllokut. Fillimisht, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike pranoi l\u00ebshime dhe t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave nga kryeqyteti, por m\u00eb pas ndryshoi kurs. M\u00eb 4 n\u00ebntor, ushtria sovjetike nisi nj\u00eb operacion ushtarak n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb q\u00eb shtypi kryengritjen. Mij\u00ebra vdiq\u00ebn dhe af\u00ebrsisht 200,000 hungarez\u00eb ik\u00ebn nga vendi. Vendet per\u00ebndimore d\u00ebnuan veprimet e Mosk\u00ebs, por hezituan t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhynin. Pse hungarez\u00ebt u rebeluan kund\u00ebr regjimit komunist? \u00c7far\u00eb e detyroi Hrushovin t\u00eb refuzonte kompromisin? A mund t’i kishin ndihmuar SHBA-t\u00eb dhe Evropa rebel\u00ebt? Dhe pse, 70 vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, ngjarjet e vitit 1956 vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb provokojn\u00eb polemika politike n\u00eb Hungari? Historiani Alexei Uvarov u p\u00ebrgjigjet k\u00ebtyre dhe pyetjeve t\u00eb tjera rreth kryengritjes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7far\u00eb po ndodhte n\u00eb bot\u00eb n\u00eb vjesht\u00ebn e vitit 1956?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nga mesi i viteve 1950, Lufta e Ftoht\u00eb kishte vazhduar p\u00ebr gati nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb. Pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Evropa ishte e ndar\u00eb n\u00eb dy kampe. N\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore, Shtetet e Bashkuara luajt\u00ebn nj\u00eb rol udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrsa regjimet komuniste n\u00ebn kontrollin sovjetik ishin vendosur n\u00eb Poloni, Hungari, \u00c7ekosllovaki, Rumani, Bullgari dhe Gjermanin\u00eb Lindore. N\u00eb vitin 1949, Shtetet e Bashkuara dhe aleat\u00ebt e tyre krijuan NATO-n, dhe n\u00eb vitin 1955, Bashkimi Sovjetik dhe vendet e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore formuan Paktin e Varshav\u00ebs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebrballja nuk u kufizua vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Nga viti 1950 deri n\u00eb vitin 1953, shp\u00ebrtheu Lufta Koreane, duke i v\u00ebn\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara dhe aleat\u00ebt e tyre kund\u00ebr Kores\u00eb s\u00eb Veriut, t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga BRSS dhe Kina. Deri at\u00ebher\u00eb, t\u00eb dy superfuqit\u00eb tashm\u00eb zot\u00ebronin arm\u00eb b\u00ebrthamore dhe e kuptonin se nj\u00eb konflikt i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb midis tyre mund t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb pasoja katastrofike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pas vdekjes s\u00eb Josif Stalinit n\u00eb vitin 1953, tensionet filluan t\u00eb zbuteshin. Lufta Koreane mbaroi; n\u00eb vitin 1955, BRSS t\u00ebrhoqi trupat e saj nga Austria, e cila u b\u00eb shtet neutral. Po at\u00eb vit, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e BRSS-s\u00eb, Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara, Britanis\u00eb s\u00eb Madhe dhe Franc\u00ebs u takuan n\u00eb Gjenev\u00eb p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb 10 vjet. Rivalitetet vazhduan, por t\u00eb gjitha pal\u00ebt k\u00ebrkuan t\u00eb shmangnin p\u00ebrballjen e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Politikat e vet\u00eb BRSS-s\u00eb po ndryshonin gjithashtu. Pas vdekjes s\u00eb Stalinit, n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb shp\u00ebrtheu nj\u00eb luft\u00eb p\u00ebr pushtet, ku Nikita Hrushovi doli fitues. N\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb vitit 1956, n\u00eb Kongresin e 20-t\u00eb t\u00eb PKBS-s\u00eb, ai mbajti nj\u00eb fjalim t\u00eb mbyllur duke d\u00ebnuar kultin e personalitetit t\u00eb Stalinit dhe shtypjet masive. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike filloi t\u00eb diskutonte mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e rrug\u00ebve komb\u00ebtare drejt socializmit. P\u00ebr vendet e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore, kjo sinjalizoi fillimin e debatit publik rreth reformave t\u00eb mundshme dhe dob\u00ebsimit t\u00eb kontrollit politik t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara, Dwight Eisenhower kishte qen\u00eb president q\u00eb nga janari i vitit 1953. Administrata e tij mb\u00ebshteti publikisht “\u00e7lirimin” e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore nga sundimi komunist, dhe Radio Evropa e Lir\u00eb, e financuar nga Uashingtoni , nxiti ndjenjat antisovjetike. Megjithat\u00eb, politika aktuale e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb s\u00eb Bardh\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb e kujdesshme. Q\u00eb n\u00eb qershor t\u00eb vitit 1953, trupat sovjetike kishin shtypur nj\u00eb kryengritje n\u00eb Gjermanin\u00eb Lindore , dhe Shtetet e Bashkuara nuk nd\u00ebrhyn\u00eb. Udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit amerikan\u00eb vendos\u00ebn se p\u00ebrpjekja p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7liruar Evrop\u00ebn Lindore me forc\u00eb mund t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb luft\u00eb b\u00ebrthamore. Prandaj, ata shpresonin t\u00eb dob\u00ebsonin ndikimin sovjetik kryesisht p\u00ebrmes mjeteve paq\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eb n\u00eb fund, nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me ngjarjet n\u00eb Hungari, shp\u00ebrtheu Kriza e Suezit . N\u00eb fund t\u00eb tetorit 1956, Izraeli, Britania e Madhe dhe Franca nis\u00ebn nj\u00eb operacion ushtarak kund\u00ebr Egjiptit, presidenti i t\u00eb cilit Gamal Abdel Nasser kishte shtet\u00ebzuar Kanalin e Suezit. Shtetet e Bashkuara kund\u00ebrshtuan veprimet e aleat\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre, duke shkaktuar mosmarr\u00ebveshje midis fuqive per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shkurt, vjeshta e vitit 1956 ishte nj\u00eb koh\u00eb kontradiktash. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, Lufta e Ftoht\u00eb vazhdoi. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, superfuqit\u00eb k\u00ebrkuan t\u00eb shmangnin konfliktin dhe rifilluan kontaktet e nd\u00ebrprera n\u00ebn Stalinin. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ndryshimet q\u00eb filluan n\u00eb BRSS ngrit\u00ebn shpresa p\u00ebr reforma n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Lindore. Por askush nuk i kuptoi kufijt\u00eb e reform\u00ebs dhe sa larg ishin t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shkonin udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit sovjetik\u00eb p\u00ebr t’i mb\u00ebshtetur ata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si ishte Hungaria n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Deri n\u00eb vitin 1918, Hungaria ishte pjes\u00eb e Perandoris\u00eb Austro-Hungareze, ku g\u00ebzonte autonomi t\u00eb gjer\u00eb. Mbret\u00ebria e Hungaris\u00eb pushtoi nj\u00eb territor duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb madh se Hungaria e sotme, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb tani \u00ebsht\u00eb Sllovakia, Transilvania dhe Kroacia. Megjithat\u00eb, pas disfat\u00ebs s\u00eb saj n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore n\u00eb vitin 1918, Austro-Hungaria u shemb. Hungaria u b\u00eb e pavarur dhe n\u00eb Budapest u shpall nj\u00eb republik\u00eb, por qeveria e re nuk ishte n\u00eb gjendje ta mbante pushtetin. N\u00eb pranver\u00ebn e vitit 1919, komunist\u00ebt e udh\u00ebhequr nga  B\u00e9la Kun mor\u00ebn pushtetin . Ata shpall\u00ebn Republik\u00ebn Sovjetike Hungareze, e cila zgjati p\u00ebr disa muaj. Kjo periudh\u00eb u sh\u00ebnua nga terrori politik dhe p\u00ebrfundoi me disfat\u00eb n\u00eb duart e ushtris\u00eb rumune.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb komunist\u00ebve, n\u00eb pushtet erdhi ish-admirali detar austro-hungarez Mikl\u00f3s Horthy . N\u00eb vitin 1920, Hungaria u b\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri mbret\u00ebri, por pa mbret, dhe Horthy u b\u00eb regjent dhe n\u00eb fakt e sundoi vendin deri n\u00eb vitin 1944. Regjimi i tij ishte konservator dhe autoritar, megjith\u00ebse parlamenti dhe disa parti politike vazhduan t\u00eb ekzistonin. Problemi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i vendit ishin pasojat e Traktatit t\u00eb Trianonit t\u00eb vitit 1920 : Hungaria humbi af\u00ebrsisht dy t\u00eb tretat e territorit t\u00eb saj dhe af\u00ebrsisht nj\u00eb e treta e popullsis\u00eb s\u00eb saj etnike hungareze u gjend jasht\u00eb kufijve t\u00eb rinj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb rifituar territoret e humbura p\u00ebrcaktoi kryesisht politik\u00ebn e jashtme t\u00eb Horthy-t. Hungaria gradualisht iu afrua Italis\u00eb fashiste dhe Gjermanis\u00eb naziste, me mb\u00ebshtetjen e t\u00eb cilave ajo rifitoi disa nga tokat e humbura midis viteve 1938 dhe 1941. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo ndodhi me koston e pjes\u00ebmarrjes n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore n\u00eb an\u00ebn e Gjermanis\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1941, Hungaria hyri n\u00eb luft\u00eb kund\u00ebr BRSS-s\u00eb dhe n\u00eb vitin 1943, ushtria e saj p\u00ebsoi humbje katastrofike n\u00eb Frontin Lindor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Adolf Hitler dhe Mikl\u00f3s Horthy, 21 mars 1944Keystone \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Hebrenjt\u00eb hungarez\u00eb mb\u00ebrrijn\u00eb me tren n\u00eb kampin e vdekjes s\u00eb Auschwitzit n\u00eb Poloni, vera e vitit 1944Arkivi i Historis\u00eb Universale\/Grupi i Imazheve Universale\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb mars t\u00eb vitit 1944, Gjermania pushtoi Hungarin\u00eb, nga frika e t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb saj nga lufta. Me pjes\u00ebmarrjen aktive t\u00eb autoriteteve hungareze, mbi 400,000 hebrenj u deportuan n\u00eb Aushvic vet\u00ebm brenda pak muajsh. N\u00eb vjesht\u00eb, Horthy u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb negocionte nj\u00eb arm\u00ebpushim me kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt e Gjermanis\u00eb, por u rr\u00ebzua nga pushteti. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb tij, nazist\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs hungarez\u00eb t\u00eb ekstremit t\u00eb djatht\u00eb nga Partia e Kryqit t\u00eb Shigjetave .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb vitit 1945, pas nj\u00eb rrethimi gati dymujor, Ushtria e Kuqe pushtoi Budapestin. Qyteti u shkat\u00ebrrua r\u00ebnd\u00eb dhe Hungaria e gjeti p\u00ebrs\u00ebri veten n\u00eb an\u00ebn humb\u00ebse t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Madhe. E ardhmja e saj politike tani varej kryesisht nga Bashkimi Sovjetik, trupat e t\u00eb cilit ishin t\u00eb vendosura n\u00eb territorin e saj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7far\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb Hungari midis viteve 1945 dhe 1956? A u b\u00eb ajo nj\u00eb kopje e Bashkimit Sovjetik?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vendi konsiderohej nj\u00eb aleat i mundur i Gjermanis\u00eb naziste, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbja dhe e ardhmja e tij politike vareshin nga fuqit\u00eb fitimtare. Komisioni i Kontrollit Aleat mbik\u00ebqyri zyrtarisht respektimin e kushteve t\u00eb arm\u00ebpushimit , por p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit sovjetik\u00eb, t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr nga Marshall Kliment Voroshilov, luajt\u00ebn rolin kryesor. Hungaria gjithashtu u k\u00ebrkua t\u00eb paguante d\u00ebmshp\u00ebrblime, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e t\u00eb cilave ishte caktuar p\u00ebr BRSS-n\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fillimisht, vendi ruajti nj\u00eb sistem shum\u00ebpartiak. Zgjedhjet e lira parlamentare u mbajt\u00ebn n\u00eb n\u00ebntor t\u00eb vitit 1945, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat Partia e Pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb Vegj\u00ebl mori af\u00ebrsisht 57% t\u00eb votave, nd\u00ebrsa Komunist\u00ebt mor\u00ebn vet\u00ebm 17%. Por fal\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs, Komunist\u00ebt ruajt\u00ebn pozicionet e tyre n\u00eb qeverin\u00eb e koalicionit dhe kontrollin mbi agjencit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb siguris\u00eb. Udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i tyre, M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi, eliminoi gradualisht kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt e tij politik\u00eb duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb taktik\u00eb q\u00eb ai vet\u00eb e quajti “taktikat e salamit”: partit\u00eb e opozit\u00ebs u dob\u00ebsuan pak nga pak duke akuzuar udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e tyre p\u00ebr komplote dhe aktivitete anti-shtet\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1940, komunist\u00ebt kishin konsoliduar pushtetin. N\u00eb vitin 1947, B\u00e9la Kov\u00e1cs, nj\u00eb nga udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e Partis\u00eb s\u00eb Pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb Vegj\u00ebl, u arrestua nga sh\u00ebrbimet sekrete sovjetike dhe kryeministri Ferenc Nagy u detyrua t\u00eb jepte dor\u00ebheqjen. N\u00eb vitin 1948, komunist\u00ebt e p\u00ebrthith\u00ebn Partin\u00eb Socialdemokrate dhe n\u00eb vitin 1949 u miratua nj\u00eb kushtetut\u00eb e bazuar n\u00eb modelin sovjetik. Hungaria u b\u00eb nj\u00eb republik\u00eb popullore, me nj\u00eb monopol de facto t\u00eb pushtetit t\u00eb mbajtur nga nj\u00eb parti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitet n\u00eb vijim u sh\u00ebnuan nga vendosja e nj\u00eb diktature t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr. Rakosi, i cili e quante veten dishepulli m\u00eb i mir\u00eb i Stalinit, vendosi nj\u00eb sistem shtypjeje masive. An\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb opozit\u00ebs, klerit, inteligjenc\u00ebs dhe madje edhe vet\u00eb Partis\u00eb Komuniste u arrestuan. N\u00eb vitin 1949, ish-Ministri i Brendsh\u00ebm L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Rajk u ekzekutua me akuza t\u00eb sajuara p\u00ebr spiunazh . Kreu i Kish\u00ebs Katolike, Kardinali J\u00f3zsef Mindszenty, mori nj\u00eb d\u00ebnim me burgim t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm. Dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra njer\u00ebz p\u00ebrfunduan n\u00eb burgje dhe kampe, dhe shum\u00eb familje u d\u00ebbuan me forc\u00eb nga qytetet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kardinali J\u00f3zsef Mindszenty (majtas), vjesht\u00eb 1956Keystone-France\/Gamma-Keystone\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, autoritetet u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb ristrukturonin ekonomin\u00eb sipas linjave sovjetike. Industria u shtet\u00ebzua, fshatar\u00ebt u detyruan t\u00eb bashkoheshin me kooperativat bujq\u00ebsore dhe burimet u drejtuan drejt zhvillimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar t\u00eb industris\u00eb s\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb. Hungaria, s\u00eb cil\u00ebs i mungonin l\u00ebnd\u00ebt e para t\u00eb mjaftueshme, u sh\u00ebnjestrua p\u00ebr t’u transformuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr industriale p\u00ebr bllokun sovjetik. Kjo politik\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie t\u00eb standardeve t\u00eb jetes\u00ebs, munges\u00eb t\u00eb mallrave t\u00eb konsumit dhe pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb publikut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 1950, Hungaria kishte kopjuar kryesisht sistemin politik dhe ekonomik sovjetik t\u00eb epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Stalinit. Regjimi komunist nuk kishte mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb gjer\u00eb publike dhe u ruajt kryesisht nga prania ushtarake sovjetike. Pas vdekjes s\u00eb Stalinit, pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsia e ngulitur filloi t\u00eb dilte n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7far\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb Hungari pas vdekjes s\u00eb Stalinit dhe para kryengritjes?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb mars t\u00eb vitit 1953, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike filloi t\u00eb rishqyrtoj\u00eb politik\u00ebn e saj n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Lindore. Moska e kuptoi se shtypja dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb ekonomike po shkaktonin pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb publikut dhe vendosi t\u00eb largohej nga kursi i politik\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb Stalinit. N\u00eb qershor, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit hungarez\u00eb u thirr\u00ebn n\u00eb Kremlin, ku M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi u kritikua ashp\u00ebr. Ai u akuzua p\u00ebr shtypje masive, industrializim t\u00eb tepruar dhe shkat\u00ebrrim t\u00eb bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb. Moska k\u00ebrkoi q\u00eb R\u00e1kosi t’ia l\u00ebshonte postin e kryeministrit Imre Nagy, duke ruajtur nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht udh\u00ebheqjen e Partis\u00eb Komuniste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nagy ishte nj\u00eb an\u00ebtar i partis\u00eb prej shum\u00eb vitesh i cili kishte jetuar p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite n\u00eb BRSS. Pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, ai sh\u00ebrbeu si Minist\u00ebr i Bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe mbik\u00ebqyri reform\u00ebn e tok\u00ebs, e cila rishp\u00ebrndau pronat e m\u00ebdha tok\u00ebsore midis fshatar\u00ebve. Pasi u b\u00eb kryeminist\u00ebr n\u00eb ver\u00ebn e vitit 1953, Nagy njoftoi nj\u00eb “Kurs t\u00eb Ri”. Autoritetet ngadal\u00ebsuan industrializimin, leht\u00ebsuan presionin mbi fshatar\u00ebt, filluan lirimin e t\u00eb burgosurve politik\u00eb dhe u p\u00ebrqendruan m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb prodhimin e mallrave t\u00eb konsumit. Nd\u00ebrsa nuk kishte diskutime p\u00ebr braktisjen e socializmit apo futjen e nj\u00eb sistemi shum\u00ebpartiak, ndryshimet ishin t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme krahasuar me politikat e m\u00ebparshme. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebtyre reformave, Nagy fitoi shpejt popullaritet n\u00eb mesin e popullsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por R\u00e1kosi vazhdoi t\u00eb drejtonte partin\u00eb dhe e kund\u00ebrshtoi k\u00ebt\u00eb politik\u00eb. Rezultati i p\u00ebrballjes s\u00eb tij me Nagyn varej kryesisht nga lufta p\u00ebr pushtet n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1955, Hrushovi e forcoi pozicionin e tij dhe Georgy Malenkov, i cili e kishte mb\u00ebshtetur Nagyn, humbi postin e tij si kreu i qeveris\u00eb sovjetike. Kjo i lejoi R\u00e1kosit t\u00eb siguronte p\u00ebrjashtimin e kund\u00ebrshtarit t\u00eb tij nga pushteti. N\u00eb prill t\u00eb vitit 1955, Nagy u shkarkua nga posti i tij si kryeminist\u00ebr dhe m\u00eb pas u p\u00ebrjashtua nga partia. Autoritetet e Hungaris\u00eb socialiste u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb ktheheshin n\u00eb politikat e tyre t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme, por ishte tep\u00ebr von\u00eb: reformist\u00ebt midis shkrimtar\u00ebve, gazetar\u00ebve dhe zyrtar\u00ebve t\u00eb partis\u00eb vazhduan t\u00eb avokonin p\u00ebr ndryshim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00ebto l\u00ebvizje u fuqizuan nga Kongresi i 20-t\u00eb i PKBS-s\u00eb n\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb vitit 1956, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin Hrushovi d\u00ebnoi represionet. R\u00e1kosi, i cili e konsideronte veten nj\u00eb ndjek\u00ebs t\u00eb Stalinit, e gjeti veten edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm. Debatet publike n\u00eb Budapest po b\u00ebheshin gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb aktive, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb rrethin e S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi- t, t\u00eb cilat t\u00ebrhoq\u00ebn mij\u00ebra pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs. N\u00eb ver\u00ebn e vitit 1956, Byroja Politike vendosi ta shkarkonte R\u00e1kosin, por instaloi aleatin e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb, Ern\u0151 Ger\u0151, si udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs t\u00eb partis\u00eb. P\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e kritik\u00ebve t\u00eb regjimit, kjo nuk ishte e mjaftueshme; ndryshimet u perceptuan thjesht si nj\u00eb l\u00ebshim simbolik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tensionet vazhduan t\u00eb shtoheshin. M\u00eb 6 tetor, autoritetet lejuan rivarrimin ceremonial t\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit t\u00eb partis\u00eb L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Rajk, i cili u ekzekutua n\u00eb vitin 1949 me akuza t\u00eb sajuara. Dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra njer\u00ebz mor\u00ebn pjes\u00eb n\u00eb ceremoni, e cila u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb demonstrat\u00eb masive kund\u00ebr s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs staliniste. M\u00eb 13 tetor, Nagy u rikthye n\u00eb parti. Megjithat\u00eb, udh\u00ebheqja mbeti e ngurruar p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb reforma serioze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nj\u00eb situat\u00eb kontradiktore u zhvillua n\u00eb Hungari. Moska fillimisht mb\u00ebshteti reformat, pastaj lejoi q\u00eb ato t\u00eb anuloheshin dhe m\u00eb pas mbrojti p\u00ebrs\u00ebri ndryshimin dhe nisi nj\u00eb kurs destalinizimi. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, ata q\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr shtypjen dhe politikat e ashpra mbet\u00ebn n\u00eb pushtet. Banor\u00ebt e vendit humb\u00ebn gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb besimin n\u00eb aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e komunist\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbatuar reformat e nevojshme dhe shpejt vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb dilnin n\u00eb rrug\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si dhe pse filloi kryengritja?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Shtysa p\u00ebr kryengritjen erdhi nga ngjarjet n\u00eb Polonin\u00eb fqinje. N\u00eb tetor 1956, komunist\u00ebt polak\u00eb vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb rikthenin n\u00eb pushtet udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsin e partis\u00eb W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomulka , i cili ishte rr\u00ebzuar nga pushteti dhe ishte burgosur n\u00ebn Stalinin. Moska u p\u00ebrpoq ta parandalonte k\u00ebt\u00eb: m\u00eb 19 tetor, Hrushovi dhe udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs t\u00eb tjer\u00eb mb\u00ebrrit\u00ebn urgjentisht n\u00eb Varshav\u00eb; trupat sovjetike filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrparonin drejt qytetit. Megjithat\u00eb, pas negociatave, Kremlini ra dakord p\u00ebr em\u00ebrimin e Gomulk\u00ebs, i cili premtoi t\u00eb ruante aleanc\u00ebn me BRSS-n\u00eb. N\u00eb Hungari, k\u00ebto ngjarje ngrit\u00ebn shpresat se ndryshime t\u00eb ngjashme mund t\u00eb arriheshin n\u00eb vend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eb 22 tetor, student\u00ebt n\u00eb Institutin Politeknik t\u00eb Budapestit formuluan 16 k\u00ebrkesa drejtuar autoriteteve. Ata k\u00ebrkuan t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave sovjetike nga Hungaria, kthimin e Nagyt n\u00eb postin e kryeministrit, zgjedhje t\u00eb lira, heqjen e censur\u00ebs dhe ndjekjen penale t\u00eb ish-udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit t\u00eb vendit, R\u00e1kosi. T\u00eb nes\u00ebrmen, student\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb mbanin nj\u00eb demonstrat\u00eb n\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb reformave polake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eb 23 tetor, demonstrata filloi paq\u00ebsisht, por shpejt u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb protest\u00eb masive. Student\u00ebve iu bashkuan pun\u00ebtor\u00eb dhe banor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb Budapestit; deri n\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje, qindra mij\u00ebra njer\u00ebz kishin dal\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00eb. Disa demonstrues u mblodh\u00ebn jasht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebs s\u00eb parlamentit, duke k\u00ebrkuar kthimin e Nagy-t, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb rr\u00ebzuan nj\u00eb monument masiv t\u00eb Stalinit. Sekretari i Par\u00eb i Partis\u00eb Komuniste, Ger\u0151, u shfaq n\u00eb radio, duke akuzuar protestuesit p\u00ebr nacionaliz\u00ebm dhe armiq\u00ebsi kund\u00ebr sistemit socialist. Fjalimi i tij vet\u00ebm sa ushqeu zem\u00ebrimin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rrug\u00ebt e Budapestit gjat\u00eb kryengritjes, vjeshta e vitit 1956Arkivi i Historis\u00eb Universale\/Grupi i Imazheve Universale\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, mij\u00ebra njer\u00ebz u mblodh\u00ebn jasht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebs s\u00eb radios shtet\u00ebrore. Ata k\u00ebrkuan koh\u00eb transmetimi q\u00eb student\u00ebt t\u00eb lexonin 16 k\u00ebrkesat e tyre. Nd\u00ebrtesa ruhej nga policia politike dhe p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e demonstruesve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve u ishte lejuar t\u00eb hynin brenda p\u00ebr negociata, nuk u kthyen p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. N\u00eb turm\u00eb filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapeshin thashetheme se ata ishin arrestuar ose edhe vrar\u00eb. Tensionet u p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzuan nd\u00ebrsa demonstruesit k\u00ebrkuan lirimin e delegacionit dhe u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb hynin n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb. Oficer\u00ebt e siguris\u00eb shtet\u00ebrore p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn gaz lotsjell\u00ebs dhe m\u00eb pas hap\u00ebn zjarr ndaj turm\u00ebs, ku p\u00ebrfshiheshin edhe njer\u00ebz t\u00eb paarmatosur. Disa njer\u00ebz u vran\u00eb dhe u plagos\u00ebn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pas k\u00ebsaj, situata doli plot\u00ebsisht jasht\u00eb kontrollit p\u00ebr autoritetet. Protestuesit filluan t\u00eb armatosen: disa arm\u00eb iu dhan\u00eb nga ushtar\u00eb dhe oficer\u00eb policie hungarez\u00eb q\u00eb refuzuan t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndanin demonstrat\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjerat u mor\u00ebn nga depot dhe bizneset. Shp\u00ebrthyen luftime n\u00eb rrug\u00eb rreth nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebs s\u00eb radios, t\u00eb cilat vazhduan gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb nat\u00ebs. K\u00ebshtu, brenda pak or\u00ebsh, nj\u00eb demonstrat\u00eb paq\u00ebsore u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb kryengritje t\u00eb armatosur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Trupat e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve t\u00eb vrar\u00eb n\u00eb kryengritje n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb nj\u00eb kamioni n\u00eb Budapest. Vjeshta e vitit 1956.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Si reagoi udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike? A vendosi menj\u00ebher\u00eb Moska ta shtypte kryengritjen me forc\u00eb?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb mbr\u00ebmjen e 23 tetorit, kur protestat u p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzuan n\u00eb p\u00ebrleshje t\u00eb armatosura, autoritetet hungareze iu drejtuan Mosk\u00ebs p\u00ebr ndihm\u00eb ushtarake. At\u00eb nat\u00eb, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike mbajti nj\u00eb takim urgjent n\u00eb Kremlin. Shumica e an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb saj mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebn vendosjen e trupave. Vet\u00ebm Anastas Mikoyan e kund\u00ebrshtoi at\u00eb , duke besuar se p\u00ebrdorimi i forc\u00ebs vet\u00ebm sa do ta p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsonte kriz\u00ebn. Megjithat\u00eb, an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb Byros\u00eb Politike nuk e mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebn at\u00eb dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebngjesin e 24 tetorit, tanket sovjetike hyn\u00eb n\u00eb Budapest. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, Nagy u riem\u00ebrua kryeminist\u00ebr i Hungaris\u00eb, me shpres\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb qet\u00ebsuar protestuesit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tanke sovjetike n\u00eb rrug\u00ebt e Budapestit, 30 tetor 1956Keystone-France\/Gamma-Keystone\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs t\u00eb kryengritjes p\u00ebrpara nj\u00eb tanku sovjetik n\u00eb Budapest, n\u00ebntor 1956imazhi i Ullstein \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Por vendosja e trupave provokoi nj\u00eb reagim t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr: nj\u00eb protest\u00eb lokale kund\u00ebr udh\u00ebheqjes komuniste u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb kryengritje komb\u00ebtare kund\u00ebr sundimit sovjetik. Luftimet n\u00eb rrug\u00eb vazhduan; disa ushtar\u00eb hungarez\u00eb kaluan te rebel\u00ebt. M\u00eb 25 tetor, nj\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebn\u00eb edhe m\u00eb e madhe ndaj demonstruesve ndodhi pran\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebs s\u00eb parlamentit; dhjet\u00ebra njer\u00ebz vdiq\u00ebn. Qeveria po humbiste me shpejt\u00ebsi kontrollin e vendit: n\u00eb qytete u formuan komitete revolucionare dhe n\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje u krijuan k\u00ebshilla pun\u00ebtor\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebto rrethana, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike u p\u00ebrpoq p\u00ebrs\u00ebri t\u00eb gjente nj\u00eb zgjidhje politike p\u00ebr kriz\u00ebn. M\u00eb 28 tetor, kryeministri i ri hungarez, Nagy, shpalli nj\u00eb arm\u00ebpushim, e njohu kryengritjen si nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje demokratike komb\u00ebtare dhe premtoi t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebnte policin\u00eb politike. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, Moska pranoi t\u00eb fillonte t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave t\u00eb saj nga Budapesti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Banor\u00ebt e Budapestit shikojn\u00eb familjet e diplomat\u00ebve dhe oficer\u00ebve sovjetik\u00eb teksa largohen nga qyteti me nj\u00eb anije q\u00eb lundron p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb Danubit. N\u00ebntor 1956.Jack Esten \/ Picture Post \/ Hulton Archive \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e takimeve t\u00eb udh\u00ebheqjes sovjetike nga 28 deri m\u00eb 31 tetor 1956, zbulojn\u00eb nj\u00eb hezitim t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm. P\u00ebr shembull, m\u00eb 28 tetor, Kryeministri Nikolai Bulganin e quajti nj\u00eb operacion ushtarak n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb nj\u00eb “aventur\u00eb”, nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e mb\u00ebshteti edhe an\u00ebtari i Byros\u00eb Politike, Lazar Kaganovich . Po at\u00eb dit\u00eb, vet\u00eb Hrushovi mb\u00ebshteti nj\u00eb zgjidhje politike (“P\u00ebrndryshe, thjesht do t\u00eb q\u00ebllojm\u00eb”). Dhe m\u00eb 30 tetor, Ministri i Jasht\u00ebm Dmitry Shepilov madje propozoi “eliminimin e element\u00ebve t\u00eb komand\u00ebs” nga marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet me vendet e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pika e kthes\u00ebs erdhi m\u00eb 31 tetor. Udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike e kuptoi se l\u00ebshimet nuk kishin arritur ta ndalonin revolucionin: kontrolli i Partis\u00eb Komuniste mbi Hungarin\u00eb po shk\u00ebrmoqej me shpejt\u00ebsi dhe qeveria e Nagy-t nuk mund t\u00eb garantonte m\u00eb vazhdimin e an\u00ebtar\u00ebsimit t\u00eb vendit n\u00eb bllokun sovjetik. Nisja e nj\u00ebkohshme e operacionit britaniko-francez kund\u00ebr Egjiptit p\u00ebrforcoi frik\u00ebn e Hrushovit se nj\u00eb t\u00ebrheqje nga Budapesti do t\u00eb perceptohej si nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb dob\u00ebsie. Frika nga kritikat nga krahu konservator i Partis\u00eb Komuniste t\u00eb Bashkimit Sovjetik dhe siguria se Shtetet e Bashkuara do t\u00eb hezitonin t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhynin ushtarakisht luajt\u00ebn gjithashtu nj\u00eb rol. Hrushovi e justifikoi k\u00ebt\u00eb si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ebse largohemi nga Hungaria, kjo do t\u2019i trim\u00ebroj\u00eb amerikan\u00ebt, britanik\u00ebt dhe imperialist\u00ebt francez\u00eb. Ata do ta kuptojn\u00eb dob\u00ebsin\u00eb ton\u00eb dhe do t\u00eb sulmojn\u00eb. At\u00ebher\u00eb ne do t\u00eb zbulojm\u00eb dob\u00ebsin\u00eb e pozicionit ton\u00eb. Partia jon\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb na kuptoj\u00eb. At\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u2019ia shtojm\u00eb Hungarin\u00eb Egjiptit. Nuk kemi zgjidhje tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si rezultat, Moska e hodhi posht\u00eb kompromisin dhe vendosi t\u00eb rifitonte kontrollin e Hungaris\u00eb me forc\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si u shtyp kryengritja? Sa njer\u00ebz vdiq\u00ebn? Dhe \u00e7far\u00eb lloj regjimi u vendos p\u00ebrfundimisht n\u00eb Hungari?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pas vendimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb ushtarakisht m\u00eb 31 tetor, BRSS filloi t\u00eb dislokonte trupa shtes\u00eb n\u00eb Hungari. I quajtur “Operacioni Whirlwind”, ai u drejtua nga Marshall Ivan Konev . N\u00eb t\u00eb mor\u00ebn pjes\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht 60,000 trupa sovjetike. Plani parashikonte kapjen e nj\u00ebkohshme t\u00eb Budapestit dhe qyteteve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, \u00e7armatimin e ushtris\u00eb hungareze dhe vendosjen e kontrollit mbi institucionet kryesore qeveritare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike vazhdoi t\u00eb pretendonte se ishte gati p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zgjidhje paq\u00ebsore. M\u00eb 3 n\u00ebntor, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e Hungaris\u00eb dhe BRSS diskutuan t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave. Megjithat\u00eb, at\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje, delegacioni hungarez, i udh\u00ebhequr nga Ministri i Mbrojtjes P\u00e1l Mal\u00e9ter, u ftua n\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb ushtarake sovjetike, ku an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tij u arrestuan nga agjent\u00ebt e KGB-s\u00eb. N\u00eb agim t\u00eb 4 n\u00ebntorit, Ushtria e Kuqe nisi nj\u00eb ofensiv\u00eb. Kryeministri Nagy arriti t\u00eb njoftonte pushtimin n\u00eb radio p\u00ebrpara se t\u00eb strehohej n\u00eb ambasad\u00ebn jugosllave. Moska njoftoi formimin e nj\u00eb qeverie t\u00eb re hungareze t\u00eb kryesuar nga J\u00e1nos K\u00e1d\u00e1r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ushtria hungareze nuk ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb b\u00ebnte rezistenc\u00eb t\u00eb organizuar. Shumica e nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb saj u \u00e7armatos\u00ebn shpejt nga trupat sovjetike dhe luftimet kryesore u zhvilluan nga nj\u00ebsi vullnetare – kryesisht pun\u00ebtor\u00eb dhe student\u00eb t\u00eb rinj. Pavar\u00ebsisht superioritetit d\u00ebrrmues t\u00eb forcave sovjetike, luftimet n\u00eb rrug\u00eb n\u00eb Budapest vazhduan p\u00ebr disa dit\u00eb. Vatrat e fundit t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs u shtyp\u00ebn deri n\u00eb mesin e n\u00ebntorit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs n\u00eb kryengritjen n\u00eb rrug\u00ebt e Budapestit, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb tetorit 1956imazhi i Ullstein \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Midis 2,500 dhe 2,700 hungarez\u00eb u vran\u00eb n\u00eb luftime dhe 20,000 t\u00eb tjer\u00eb u plagos\u00ebn. Ushtria sovjetike humbi 669 burra t\u00eb vrar\u00eb ose t\u00eb vdekur nga plag\u00ebt. 51 ushtar\u00eb u zhduk\u00ebn; af\u00ebrsisht 1,500 u plagos\u00ebn. Edhe pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrleshjeve, rezistenca vazhdoi: k\u00ebshillat e pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve organizuan greva duke k\u00ebrkuar rivendosjen e pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb vendit. Qeveria e re K\u00e1d\u00e1r, me mb\u00ebshtetjen sovjetike, i shtypi gradualisht k\u00ebto protesta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disfata ushtarake u pasua nga nj\u00eb represion i p\u00ebrhapur. Dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra njer\u00ebz u d\u00ebnuan p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarrje n\u00eb kryengritje dhe af\u00ebrsisht 230 u ekzekutuan. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 200,000 hungarez\u00eb ik\u00ebn nga vendi. Nagy, t\u00eb cilit i ishte premtuar kalim i sigurt nga ambasada jugosllave, u ndalua dhe u d\u00ebrgua n\u00eb Rumani. Ai u kthye m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb Hungari, ku u d\u00ebnua me vdekje n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjyq t\u00eb mbyllur. M\u00eb 16 qershor 1958, Nagy u ekzekutua s\u00eb bashku me disa nga shok\u00ebt e tij.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Banor\u00ebt e Budapestit n\u00eb rrug\u00eb gjat\u00eb kryengritjes. Vjeshta e vitit 1956.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e1d\u00e1r q\u00ebndroi n\u00eb pushtet p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 30 vjet. Vitet e para t\u00eb sundimit t\u00eb tij u sh\u00ebnuan nga nj\u00eb shtypje brutale, por gradualisht regjimi u zbut. N\u00eb vitin 1963, u shpall nj\u00eb amnisti e gjer\u00eb dhe n\u00eb vitet n\u00eb vijim, hungarez\u00ebt fituan m\u00eb shum\u00eb liri ekonomike dhe mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn private sesa banor\u00ebt e shum\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb bllokut sovjetik. Ky sistem u quajt m\u00eb von\u00eb “komuniz\u00ebm gulash”. Megjithat\u00eb, pushteti politik mbeti n\u00eb duart e partis\u00eb, trupat sovjetike mbet\u00ebn n\u00eb vend dhe ngjarjet e vitit 1956 u konsideruan zyrtarisht si nj\u00eb “kund\u00ebrrevolucion”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si reaguan vendet per\u00ebndimore ndaj kryengritjes? Dhe pse nuk i ndihmuan hungarez\u00ebt?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kryengritja i zuri n\u00eb befasi Shtetet e Bashkuara dhe aleat\u00ebt e saj evropian\u00eb. Agjencit\u00eb amerikane t\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs nuk kishin pritur nj\u00eb kryengritje masive t\u00eb armatosur kund\u00ebr regjimit komunist, pavar\u00ebsisht se administrata e Eisenhowerit mb\u00ebshteste<\/a> “\u00e7lirimin” e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore nga dominimi sovjetik. Dhe Radio Evropa e Lir\u00eb, e financuar nga amerikan\u00ebt, nxiti ndjenjat antikomuniste dhe b\u00ebri thirrje p\u00ebr rezistenc\u00eb. Prandaj, disa hungarez\u00eb shpresonin se Per\u00ebndimi do t’u vinte n\u00eb ndihm\u00eb n\u00eb rast t\u00eb nj\u00eb kryengritjeje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Megjithat\u00eb, si\u00e7 e kishte treguar tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrvoja e Gjermanis\u00eb Lindore n\u00eb vitin 1953, Shtetet e Bashkuara nuk kishin nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb \u00e7lironin ushtarakisht vendet e bllokut sovjetik. Uashingtoni e kuptoi se nj\u00eb konflikt i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzohej n\u00eb luft\u00eb b\u00ebrthamore. Prandaj, kur filloi Kryengritja Hungareze m\u00eb 23 tetor 1956, Sht\u00ebpia e Bardh\u00eb pothuajse menj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtoi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e nd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, amerikan\u00ebt u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb gjenin nj\u00eb zgjidhje diplomatike. Uashingtoni shpresonte q\u00eb Hungaria t\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhej nj\u00eb shtet i pavarur dhe neutral, duke ndjekur shembullin e Austris\u00eb. Nj\u00eb Hungari e till\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb n\u00ebn kontrollin sovjetik, por as nuk do t\u00eb ishte an\u00ebtare e NATO-s. M\u00eb 27 tetor, Sekretari i Shtetit i SHBA-s\u00eb, John Foster Dulles, deklaroi<\/a> publikisht se Uashingtoni nuk i shihte shtetet e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore si aleat\u00eb t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm ushtarak\u00eb. Udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit amerikan\u00eb shpresonin se kjo do ta dekurajonte Mosk\u00ebn nga nd\u00ebrhyrja e m\u00ebtejshme ushtarake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nj\u00eb tubim n\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb kryengritjes hungareze n\u00eb Paris, vjeshta e vitit 1956Keystone-France\/Gamma-Keystone\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Situata u nd\u00ebrlikua nga Kriza e Suezit. Pas kryengritjes, Britania e Madhe dhe Franca, s\u00eb bashku me Izraelin, nis\u00ebn nj\u00eb operacion ushtarak kund\u00ebr Egjiptit, t\u00eb cilin Shtetet e Bashkuara e d\u00ebnuan me forc\u00eb. Lind\u00ebn mosmarr\u00ebveshje serioze midis aleat\u00ebve per\u00ebndimor\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, arsyeja kryesore p\u00ebr refuzimin e ndihm\u00ebs ndaj Hungaris\u00eb nuk ishte Kriza e Suezit, por m\u00eb tep\u00ebr hezitimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb rrezikuar nj\u00eb luft\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb me BRSS-n\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, politika amerikane rezultoi kontradiktore: publikisht, Uashingtoni mb\u00ebshteti \u00e7lirimin e vendeve t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Lindore, por n\u00eb praktik\u00eb, nuk kishte nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb luft\u00eb n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb tyre. Si rezultat, disa rebel\u00eb hungarez\u00eb prisnin ndihm\u00eb per\u00ebndimore, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nuk e mor\u00ebn kurr\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dhe si u manifestua mb\u00ebshtetja e Per\u00ebndimit at\u00ebher\u00eb?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Edhe pse vendet per\u00ebndimore refuzuan t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhynin ushtarakisht, ato mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebn publikisht kryengritjen dhe d\u00ebnuan veprimet e Bashkimit Sovjetik. Sekretari i Jasht\u00ebm Britanik, Selwyn Lloyd, deklaroi<\/a> n\u00eb Parlament se qeveria britanike po e ndiqte me admirim luft\u00ebn e hungarez\u00ebve p\u00ebr liri. Kryeministri francez, Guy Mollet, hodhi posht\u00eb<\/a> akuzat sovjetike se kryengritja ishte orkestruar nga fashist\u00ebt. Dhe Kancelari i Gjermanis\u00eb Per\u00ebndimore, Konrad Adenauer, e quajti rezistenc\u00ebn hungareze nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb heroizmit t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm.<\/a> Demonstrata<\/a> masive solidariteti me hungarez\u00ebt u zhvilluan n\u00eb kryeqytetet evropiane .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Q\u00eb m\u00eb 28 tetor, K\u00ebshilli i Sigurimit i OKB-s\u00eb filloi t\u00eb shqyrtonte<\/a> \u00e7\u00ebshtjen hungareze dhe, pas nj\u00eb pushtimi t\u00eb ri sovjetik m\u00eb 4 n\u00ebntor, vendet per\u00ebndimore k\u00ebrkuan t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave sovjetike. Megjithat\u00eb, Moska p\u00ebrdori t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e vetos dhe  bllokoi<\/a> rezolut\u00ebn p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. \u00c7\u00ebshtja iu referua Asambles\u00eb s\u00eb P\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb OKB-s\u00eb, e cila m\u00eb 4 n\u00ebntor votoi me shumic\u00eb d\u00ebrrmuese p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebnuar<\/a> nd\u00ebrhyrjen sovjetike dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave. N\u00eb janar 1957, u krijua nj\u00eb komision i posa\u00e7\u00ebm i OKB-s\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb hetuar ngjarjet. Raporti i tij konfirmoi<\/a> se kryengritja ishte nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje masive kund\u00ebr sundimit sovjetik, jo nj\u00eb grusht shteti i orkestruar nga Per\u00ebndimi. Megjithat\u00eb, vendimet e Asambles\u00eb s\u00eb P\u00ebrgjithshme nuk ishin detyruese dhe OKB-ja nuk ishte n\u00eb gjendje ta detyronte Mosk\u00ebn t\u00eb ndryshonte politik\u00ebn e saj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Refugjat\u00ebt hungarez\u00eb hipin n\u00eb nj\u00eb anije detare amerikane n\u00eb Bremen, m\u00eb 19 dhjetor 1956.Z. & Znj. KL Kirk \/ FPG \/ Foto Arkivi \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb nga nj\u00eb familje hungareze refugjat\u00ebsh pret t\u00eb hip\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb aeroplan nga Gjermania Per\u00ebndimore p\u00ebr n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara. Kjo rrug\u00eb transportoi 10,000 njer\u00ebz q\u00eb iknin nga vendi pas kryengritjes. 17 dhjetor 1956Keystone-France\/Gamma-Keystone\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ndihma m\u00eb e gjer\u00eb praktike ishte pritja e refugjat\u00ebve. Pas shtypjes s\u00eb kryengritjes, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 200,000 njer\u00ebz – af\u00ebrsisht 2% e popullsis\u00eb – ik\u00ebn nga<\/a> Hungaria . Deri n\u00eb 185,000 ik\u00ebn n\u00eb Austrin\u00eb fqinje neutrale dhe 20,000 t\u00eb tjer\u00eb n\u00eb Jugosllavi. Shum\u00eb prej tyre kaluan kufirin n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb. Kjo ishte relativisht e leht\u00eb fal\u00eb \u00e7montimit t\u00eb<\/a> disa prej gardheve kufitare midis Hungaris\u00eb dhe Austris\u00eb n\u00eb ver\u00ebn e vitit 1956 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autoritetet austriake ngrit\u00ebn kampe t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme, duke u siguruar refugjat\u00ebve ushqim, strehim dhe kujdes mjek\u00ebsor. Me mb\u00ebshtetjen e OKB-s\u00eb, Kryqit t\u00eb Kuq dhe organizatave nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare,  filloi zhvendosja<\/a> e tyre n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera. Dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra hungarez\u00eb u pranuan nga Shtetet e Bashkuara, Kanadaja, Britania e Madhe, Gjermania Per\u00ebndimore dhe vende t\u00eb tjera. N\u00eb total, af\u00ebrsisht 180,000 refugjat\u00eb u zhvendos\u00ebn m\u00eb pas nga Austria dhe Jugosllavia n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si u kujtuan ngjarjet e vitit 1956 n\u00eb Hungari<\/strong> \u2014  dhe si kujtohen ato tani?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pasi kryengritja u shtyp, autoritetet komuniste, t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequra nga K\u00e1d\u00e1r, e etiketuan zyrtarisht at\u00eb si nj\u00eb “kund\u00ebrrevolucion” t\u00eb orkestruar nga armiqt\u00eb e socializmit. Pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit n\u00eb kryengritje u persekutuan dhe diskutimi publik i ngjarjeve u kontrollua rrept\u00ebsisht. Gradualisht, autoritetet zgjodh\u00ebn ta heshtin tem\u00ebn, pasi kujtimet e pushtimit sovjetik hodh\u00ebn dyshime mbi legjitimitetin e regjimit t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga Moska. Megjithat\u00eb, kujtimi i kryengritjes vazhdoi midis emigrant\u00ebve dhe qarqeve t\u00eb opozit\u00ebs, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb samizdatit n\u00eb vitet 1970 dhe 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Situata filloi t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb viteve 1980, n\u00ebn ndikimin e perestrojk\u00ebs n\u00eb BRSS dhe reformave n\u00eb vet\u00eb Hungarin\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1988, K\u00e1d\u00e1r u hoq nga udh\u00ebheqja e partis\u00eb. Dhe n\u00eb janar 1989, Imre Pozsgay, nj\u00eb nga udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e Partis\u00eb Komuniste Hungareze, i quajti publikisht ngjarjet e vitit 1956 nj\u00eb kryengritje popullore. Pika e kthes\u00ebs ishte rivarrimi ceremonial i Nagy dhe shok\u00ebve t\u00eb tij m\u00eb 16 qershor 1989, i cili t\u00ebrhoqi af\u00ebrsisht 250,000 njer\u00ebz. Politikani i ri i opozit\u00ebs Viktor Orb\u00e1n foli n\u00eb ceremoni, duke k\u00ebrkuar t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave sovjetike dhe zgjedhje t\u00eb lira. Dhe m\u00eb 23 tetor 1989, n\u00eb p\u00ebrvjetorin e kryengritjes, Hungaria zyrtarisht pushoi s\u00eb qeni nj\u00eb republik\u00eb socialiste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb regjimit komunist, revolucioni i vitit 1956 u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga simbolet e demokracis\u00eb s\u00eb re. N\u00eb vitin 1990, 23 tetori u shpall fest\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Megjithat\u00eb, gradualisht, forca t\u00eb ndryshme politike filluan ta interpretonin ndryshe trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb e kryengritjes. Politikan\u00ebt liberal\u00eb shpesh theksonin luft\u00ebn p\u00ebr demokraci dhe liri politike, nd\u00ebrsa konservator\u00ebt komb\u00ebtar\u00eb theksonin rezistenc\u00ebn ndaj dominimit t\u00eb huaj dhe mbrojtjen e pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Figura e Nagy-t u b\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb burim polemikash: ai udh\u00ebhoqi qeverin\u00eb revolucionare dhe u ekzekutua, megjithat\u00eb ai u largua nga l\u00ebvizja komuniste dhe fillimisht mb\u00ebshteti reform\u00ebn, jo heqjen e socializmit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb protest\u00eb rrugore n\u00eb Budapest me rastin e p\u00ebrvjetorit t\u00eb fillimit t\u00eb kryengritjes mban nj\u00eb banderol\u00eb ku shkruhej “Rus\u00eb, shkoni n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi!”, 23 tetor 2022.Janos Kummer \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ebn Orb\u00e1n-in, i cili udh\u00ebhoqi qeverin\u00eb nga viti 2010 deri n\u00eb vitin 2026, politika zyrtare e kujtes\u00ebs theksonte gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Orb\u00e1n e krahasoi<\/a> vazhdimisht luft\u00ebn e hungarez\u00ebve kund\u00ebr Mosk\u00ebs n\u00eb vitin 1956 me konfliktet aktuale midis Budapestit dhe Bashkimit Evropian. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 2018, monumenti i Nagy-t u hoq<\/a> nga sheshi pran\u00eb parlamentit dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb u rivendos n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend tjet\u00ebr. Ky vendim shkaktoi kritika nga opozita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pas pushtimit rus t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs n\u00eb vitin 2022, kujtimi i kryengritjes u b\u00eb objekt i polemikave t\u00eb reja: Kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt e Orb\u00e1n-it vun\u00eb<\/a> n\u00eb dukje kontradikt\u00ebn midis nderimit t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb luftuan pushtimin sovjetik dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve t\u00eb tij t\u00eb ngrohta me Rusin\u00eb e Putinit. N\u00eb shtator 2024, nj\u00eb k\u00ebshilltar i Orb\u00e1n-it deklaroi<\/a> se Hungaria nuk duhej t\u00eb kishte ofruar rezistenc\u00eb t\u00eb armatosur ndaj pushtimit rus, si\u00e7 kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb Ukraina, pasi kryengritja e vitit 1956 p\u00ebrfundoi n\u00eb tragjedi. Deklarata provokoi nj\u00eb val\u00eb t\u00eb re kritikash. Orb\u00e1n u detyrua t\u00eb distancohej publikisht nga komentet e k\u00ebshilltarit, duke i quajtur ato nj\u00eb gabim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kryengritja hungareze ishte nj\u00eb nga ngjarjet m\u00eb dramatike t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb. Ajo tregoi se sa larg mund t\u00eb shkonin k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr ndryshim t\u00eb nxitura nga destalinizimi dhe sa e kufizuar mbeti gatishm\u00ebria e udh\u00ebheqjes sovjetike p\u00ebr t\u00eb pranuar k\u00ebto ndryshime. Kur an\u00ebtar\u00ebsimi i vazhduesh\u00ebm i Hungaris\u00eb n\u00eb bllokun sovjetik u k\u00ebrc\u00ebnua, Moska zgjodhi nd\u00ebrhyrjen ushtarake n\u00eb vend t\u00eb kompromisit politik. Vendet per\u00ebndimore, pavar\u00ebsisht mb\u00ebshtetjes publike t\u00eb hungarez\u00ebve, u p\u00ebrmbajt\u00ebn nga angazhimi n\u00eb konfrontim t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb me BRSS-n\u00eb dhe u kufizuan n\u00eb protesta diplomatike dhe ndihm\u00eb p\u00ebr refugjat\u00ebt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kryengritja u shtyp, por kujtimi i saj q\u00ebndroi dhe luajti nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb r\u00ebnien e regjimit komunist tre dekada m\u00eb von\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, historia e vitit 1956 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb simbol komb\u00ebtar i padiskutuesh\u00ebm: politikan\u00ebt ende i interpretojn\u00eb q\u00ebllimet e protest\u00ebs dhe m\u00ebsimet e saj ndryshe. Edhe sot, kuptimi i liris\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe rezistenc\u00ebs ndaj presionit t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm mbetet pjes\u00eb e debatit publik n\u00eb Hungari.\/kosovatimes<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00eb 23 tetor 1956, qindra mij\u00ebra banor\u00eb t\u00eb Budapestit dol\u00ebn n\u00eb rrug\u00eb duke k\u00ebrkuar reforma politike, zgjedhje t\u00eb lira dhe t\u00ebrheqjen e trupave sovjetike. Demonstratat paq\u00ebsore u p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzuan shpejt n\u00eb nj\u00eb kryengritje t\u00eb armatosur. Vet\u00ebm pak dit\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, Hungaria e gjeti veten n\u00eb pragun e bllokut. Fillimisht, udh\u00ebheqja sovjetike pranoi l\u00ebshime dhe t\u00ebrheqjen e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":38921,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38918","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-analize"],"yoast_head":"\n70 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, ndodhi Kryengritja Hungareze. 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